Hydraulic institute pipe friction manual

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Friction Losses. Pipe Fittings. Invariably a system containing piping will have connections which change th size and / or direction of the conduit. These fittings and friction, called minor losses, to the system head. Fitting losses are generally the result of changes in velocity and / or direction. A decreasing velocity results in more loss in head than an increasing velocity as the former causes energy - dissipating eddies. Experimental results have indicated that minor losses vary approximately as the square of the velocity through the fittings. Valves and Standard Fittings. The resistance to flow through valves and fittings may be estimated by any of the following methods. The Hydraulic Institute - Pipe Friction Manual, lists losses through valves and fittings in terms of the average velocity head in a pipe of corresponding diameter and a resistance coefficient as shown in figures given below. Source : The frictional resistance in feet is found from the equation ; h= ( K ) ( V 2 / 2 x g ) where ; K : resistance coefficient which depends on design and size of valve or fitting, V : average velocity in pipe of corresponding diameter ( ft / s ) and g : acceleration of gravity ( = 32.17 ft / s 2 ). Table given below indicates the wide variation in published values of K. A comparison of the Darcy - Weisbach equation and the above equation suggests that K = f ( L / D ) to produce the same head loss in a straight pipe as in the valve or fitting. The ratio ( L / D ) or equivalent length in pipe diameters of straight pipe may then be used as another method to estimate valve and fitting losses. Tests have shown that while K decreases with size of different lines of valves and fittings, ( L / D ) is almost constant. In the zone of complete turbulence, as shown in figure below, K for a given size and ( L / D ) for all sizes of valves and fittings are.